Puppy diarrhea is, unfortunately, a reality of pet ownership. Puppies do not have fully functioning immune systems, so they can be a little more sensitive to changes and potential sources of infection than their adult counterparts.
Mild cases of diarrhea may go away quickly on their own, but other causes—including infections and parasites—can be a sign of a serious problem. Here’s what to watch for and how to know what your next steps should be when your puppy has diarrhea.
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My Puppy Has Diarrhea—Why?
Some of the most common reasons for diarrhea in puppies include environmental factors, infections, and parasites. Hopefully this helps you find answers to “Why does my puppy have diarrhea?”
Stress
While being a puppy can be a lot of fun, there are also a lot of new experiences—and that can be stressful. Moving into a new home, meeting new people and animals, learning to walk on a leash, vet visits and vaccinations, that first encounter with the Roomba. All of these experiences can cause stress, and your puppy may get diarrhea because of that. Diarrhea related to stress usually occurs within hours to a day of the stressful event, and generally resolves quickly on its own.
Diet Change
Changing foods too quickly can cause diarrhea no matter your dog’s age. Ask your puppy’s breeder or previous owner what brand and formula of food she is used to eating, and start off by using that same diet. If you want to switch to a different food, do it gradually over several days, starting with just a little of the new food mixed in with the old and increasing the ratio of new food over time.
Some dogs may have food intolerances or, less commonly, allergies to specific ingredients. These can also cause diarrhea. Identifying a food allergy or intolerance is a time-consuming process and will require guidance from your veterinarian.
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Parasites
Worms love puppies! Some common parasites that can infest puppies include roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms, coccidia, and giardia. Parasites are most commonly transmitted through poop (a dog with worms poops out eggs and larvae, a puppy sniffs poop and inhales them). But some, such as roundworms, can be transmitted from mother to puppies through the placenta.
As well as having diarrhea, puppies with parasites may have distended bellies, bloody diarrhea, appear thin, or be lethargic. Sometimes you may be able to see worms in the poop.
Your veterinarian can check your puppy’s stool for worm eggs and other parasites. Always bring a sample along if your puppy is having diarrhea. Once the offending parasite is identified, your vet can prescribe the best deworming medication to resolve the issue.
Being treated for worms or other parasites does not prevent your puppy from getting them again, however. Remember how parasites are often spread through poop? Be sure to thoroughly clean your yard, removing all poo to minimize the number of parasitic worms living in the soil and environment. Otherwise, your puppy can reinfect herself from her own poop.
All puppies should be on a regular deworming schedule starting while they are with the breeder. Most veterinarians recommend continuing regular, long-term deworming, such as with a monthly product.
Dietary Indiscretion and Toxicities
Like toddlers, puppies love to put their mouths on anything and everything. Eating the wrong thing can cause diarrhea in a couple different ways. “Dietary indiscretion” is a common veterinary diagnosis, and it simply means your puppy ate something she shouldn’t have. This could range from feasting on the garbage leftover from your cookout to swallowing a chewed-up tennis ball or munching on your amaryllis plant.
Eating an excessive amount of rich or fatty foods can cause stomach upset. In cases like these, your puppy may vomit or appear uncomfortable as well as having diarrhea.
If your puppy has eaten something toxic, exact symptoms will vary depending on what and how much she ate. If you suspect your puppy has eaten something toxic, or are unsure about the potential threat of her illicit snack, contact an animal poison helpline such as the ASPCA Poison Control Center or the Pet Poison Helpline, (855) 764-7661, immediately. These services do charge a fee, but it’s well worth it to have access to the most up-to-date information on toxicities in dogs.
Even nontoxic non-food items can be problematic if they get stuck in your puppy’s gastrointestinal tract and cause a blockage. Besides having diarrhea, a puppy with an obstruction may vomit, be lethargic, refuse to eat, and have abdominal pain.
Viral and Bacterial Infections
Parvovirus, often referred to as simply “parvo,” is a diagnosis that strikes fear in any puppy owner’s heart. This virus is highly contagious and wreaks havoc on your puppy’s immune system and body, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, fever, and lethargy. Treatment consists of supportive care to help your puppy fight the disease and target symptoms. A puppy with parvo will likely be admitted to the hospital for intravenous fluids to keep her hydrated, medications, and round-the-clock supervision from her veterinary team. Parvo is often fatal, especially if treatment is started too late.
Thankfully, there is an effective vaccination for parvo, and it is included in the routine puppy series. Your puppy will receive several rounds of the vaccine depending on her age. It’s essential to get your puppy to her booster appointments on time; even one missed vaccination can leave her unprotected. Once she has finished her puppy series, the following year she can either get a one-year or three-year vaccine.
Avoid places with other dogs, such as dog parks, boarding kennels, and popular dog-walking spots until she is fully vaccinated. Only allow her to interact with dogs who you know are vaccinated. If your puppy does get parvo, she will need to be kept away from unvaccinated dogs and puppies to prevent spreading it to them.
Besides viruses such as parvo, your puppy can also get bacterial infections in her G.I. tract that can cause diarrhea. Common culprits include clostridium, E. coli, and salmonella. Your puppy can pick these up from eating rotten food or poop from an infected animal. As she matures and her immune system finishes developing, she will be less susceptible to these tiny invaders.
Puppy Vomiting and Diarrhea
Vomiting and diarrhea are a dangerous combination. Both cause your puppy to lose water from her body, leading to dehydration. Dehydration can cause permanent damage to her internal organs in a matter of days. If your dog is experiencing this one-two punch of vomiting and diarrhea, you’ll want to call your vet right away.
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When to Call Your Vet
If your puppy has diarrhea but is still playful and normal, there is no need to panic. It will likely resolve on its own.
Here are the signs to call your veterinarian to schedule an appointment:
Diarrhea that lasts more than a day
Bloody or black stool
Vomiting and diarrhea
Lethargy
Pale gums
Fever (normal for a dog is 100 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit)
Painful behavior—hunched posture, tense, or crying out
Known ingestion of a non-food item (such as hair ties or toys) or a toxic substance
Treatment
If your puppy is overall healthy, your veterinarian may simply instruct you to feed a bland diet (such as plain boiled chicken, plain cooked hamburger, or rice) for a few days to give her digestive system a break. Probiotics intended for use in dogs can also be beneficial.
Your vet may also prescribe a medication such as metronidazole, tylosin, or Endosorb to help normalize the G.I. tract and stop the diarrhea.
If your puppy is also acting ill, exact treatment will depend on the signs and cause of the diarrhea. She may be given fluids under the skin to help keep her hydrated.
Preventing Puppy Diarrhea
There are several things you can do to minimize the risk of your puppy having diarrhea:
Make diet changes gradually over several days
Avoid feeding table scraps
Follow a regular deworming schedule
Pick up all dog poop promptly
Keep your puppy crated when unsupervised to prevent her from eating something she shouldn’t
Keep human foods out of reach
Only use dog-friendly plants in your yard and keep toxic houseplants out of reach
Don’t skip or delay any part of the puppy vaccination schedule
Avoid unvaccinated dogs until your puppy is fully vaccinated
